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ost- Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi Fale Alumini ma Uamea ma lo latou Taua i aso nei
1. Talaaga
I le amataga o le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi (WW II), na pa'ū le umiaina o fale a Amerika i le maualalo o le 43.6% i le 1940, e tele lava ona o se taunuuga o le Pa'u Tele o le Tamaoaiga ma le vaivai o le tamaoaiga o Amerika i lona taunuuga.I le taimi o le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi, na tuʻuina atu ai e le War Production Board le Poloaiga Faʻasao L-41 i le aso 9 Aperila 1942, ma tuʻuina uma fale i lalo o le pule malosi.O le poloaiga na tatau ai mo le au faufale ona maua le faatagaga mai le War Production Board e amata ai le fausiaina o tau e sili atu nai lo nisi tapulaa i soʻo se vaitaimi faʻaauau 12-masina.Mo le fausiaina o fale, o lena tapulaa e $500, faatasi ai ma tapulaa maualuga mo pisinisi ma faatoaga.O le a'afiaga o nei mea i le fausiaina o fale nofo a Amerika i le va o le 1921 ma le 1945 o loʻo faʻaalia i le siata o loʻo i lalo, o loʻo faʻaalia ai le paʻu tele i le taimi o le Paʻu Tele o le Tamaoaiga ma toe tuʻuina atu le Poloaiga L-41.
Punavai: “Fausia i Tausaga o Taua – 1942-45,”
US Department of Leipa, Bulletin Nu. 915
E oo atu i le faaiuga o le Taua Lona Lua a le US, e tusa ma le 7.6 miliona fitafita i fafo.Na faalēaogāina e le War Production Board le L-41 i le aso 15 Oketopa 1945, i le lima masina talu ona maeʻa le aso VE (Manumalo i Europa) i le aso 8 o Me 1945 ma le ono vaiaso talu ona maeʻa le Taua Lona Lua a le Taua Lona Lua a Iapani ina ua toe faafoi aloaia Iapani i le 2 Setema 1945. I le lima masina talu mai le aso VE. , e tusa ma le tolu miliona fitafita ua uma ona toe foi i le US.Ina ua maeʻa le taua, sa feagai le US ma le toe foʻi mai o le faitau miliona o isi fitafita tuai.O le toʻatele o lenei vaega tele o tagata matutua o le a taumafai e faʻatau fale i maketi fale e leʻi saunia mo lo latou taunuu mai.I totonu o le taimi puupuu o le tausaga talu ona fa'aleaogaina Poloaiga L-41, o le aofa'i masina o tupe fa'aalu fale tumaoti na fa'alima fa'asili.Ua na'o le amataga lea o le fa'atupuina o fale i totonu o le US.
Ia Mati 1946Saienisi lauiloaO le mekasini o loo faaulutalaina “Stopgap Housing,” na taʻua ai e le tusitala o Hartley Howe, “E tusa lava pe 1,200,000 fale tumau ua fausia nei i tausaga taʻitasi – ma e leʻi fausia lava e le Iunaite Setete se 1,000,000 i le tausaga e tasi – o le a 10 tausaga a o leʻi atoa le atoaga. e nofo lelei le atunuu.O le mea lea, o fale le tumau e taua tele e taofi ai lena va."Ina ia maua se toomaga vave, na faaavanoaina ai e le malo feterale le faitau afe o faleoo Quonset uamea faasili o taua mo fale le tumau.
I le feagai ai ma se luʻitau ese i le taimi lata mai o le taua, o le tele o pisinisi i taimi o taua na tipiina pe faaleaogaina a latou konekarate ma le gaosiga o falegaosimea.Faatasi ai ma le paʻu o le gaosiga o le militeri, na sailia ai e le kamupani vaalele a Amerika isi avanoa mo le faʻaaogaina o latou poto masani alumini, uʻamea ma palasitika i le tamaoaiga i tua atu o taua.
2. Post-WW II fale alumini ma uamea i totonu o le US
I le 2 Setema 1946 lomiga oVaalele Tala Foumekasini, sa i ai se tala e faaulutalaina “O Alamanuia Vaalele o le a Fausia Fale Alumini mo Fitafita Tuai,” na lipotia mai ai mea nei:
- “E lua ma le afa taseni kamupani gaosi vaalele ua faamoemoe e le o toe mamao ona auai i le polokalame a le malo e fausia ai fale.”
- "O kamupani vaalele o le a taulai atu i le FHA (Federal Housing Administration) mamanu ua faamaonia i le alumini ma lona tuufaatasiga ma plywood ma insulation, ae o isi kamupani o le a fausia muamua i le uamea ma isi mea.O mamanu o le a tuʻuina atu i le au gaosi oloa."
- “Toeitiiti lava o laupepa alumini fa'asili uma o taua ua fa'aaogaina mo le taualuga ma fa'alava i galuega faufale fa'anatinati;toetoe a leai se mea e totoe mo le polokalame prefab.Na maua e le Civilian Production Administration mai fa'amatalaga a le FHA mo pepa alumini ma isi mea e gaosia, masalo i lalo o fa'amuamua.O le tele o laupepa alumini mo mea faʻapipiʻi o le a 12 i le 20 fua - .019 - .051 inisi."
Ia Oketopa 1946,Vaalele Tala Foulipotia mai e le mekasini, “O le tau faamataʻu i luga o le alumini mo fale, mo vaalele ma le anoanoai o oloa ina ua mavae le taua i le 1947 e le o manatu mamafa tele i ai le National Housing Agency, lea o loo feutagai ma kamupani vaalele e fausia fale alumini laupapa i se fua faatatau faaletausaga e maualuga e pei o le maualuga. 500,000.”……”O le faamaoniga mulimuli a inisinia a le NHA o le Lincoln Homes Corp. 'waffle' panel (pa'u alumini i luga o se atigi fatu fatu meli) o se tasi lea o laasaga e agai atu ai i le faaiuga a kamupani vaalele e ulufale atu i le malae… ..Kamupani vaalele. O le gaosiga o fale i le 1947, afai latou te latalata atu i le faʻataunuʻuina o talosaga a le NHA, o le a sili atu nai lo le latou gaosiga o vaalele, lea ua fuafuaina nei e itiiti ifo i le $ 1 piliona mo le 1946.
I le faaiuga o le 1946, na fautuaina ai e le FHA Administrator, Wilson Wyatt, le War Assets Administration (WAA), lea na fausia ia Ianuari 1946 e lafoai ai meatotino ma meafaitino a le malo, taofia mo sina taimi le tele o fale gaosi vaalele mai lisi poʻo le faʻatau atu ma tuʻuina atu vaalele. o tagata gaosi oloa e sili atu le avanoa i falegaosi oloa i taimi o taua e mafai ona liua mo le tele o fale.Na ioe le WAA.
I lalo o le polokalame a le malo, semanu e puipuia tupe a le au gaosi fale muamua ma le FHA faʻamautinoa e aofia ai le 90% o tau, e aofia ai ma le folafolaga a le Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) e faʻatau soʻo se fale e leʻi faʻatauina.
O le tele o kamupani gaosi vaalele na faia uluai talanoaga ma le FHA, e aofia ai: Douglas, McDonnell, Martin, Bell, Fairchild, Curtis-Wright, Consolidated-Vultee, North American, Goodyear ma Ryan.E leʻi ulufale Boeing i na talanoaga ma na vave alu ese Douglas, McDonnell ma Ryan.I le faaiuga, o le tele o kamupani vaalele e leʻi naunau e tuʻuina atu i latou lava i le postwar prefab house program, tele ona o latou popolega e uiga i le faʻalavelaveina o latou fale gaosi oloa o loʻo i ai nei e faʻavae i luga o faʻatusatusaga le mautinoa o maketi o le tele ma le umi o le maketi fale fale muamua ma le leai o se konekarate faʻapitoa. talosaga mai le FHA ma le NHA.
O le uluai mataupu tau pisinisi mo fale alumini ma uamea i le maea ai o le taua, e mafai ona gaosia vave i ni aofaiga tetele ma faatau atu tupe mama i se tau e itiiti ifo nai lo fale masani fau fale.E le gata i lea, o kamupani gaosi vaalele na toe faʻaleleia nisi o galuega na leiloa ina ua maeʻa le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi ma puipuia i latou mai le tele o latou lamatiaga tau tupe i pisinisi fale gaosi oloa.
E le o se mea e ofo ai, o le au faufale ma iuni faufale sa tetee i lenei polokalame e tele le gaosia o fale ua uma ona fai i fale gaosi oloa, ona o le a aveesea ai pisinisi mai le pisinisi faufale.I le tele o aai e le faatagaina e iuni o latou tagata e faapipii ni mea ua uma ona fai.O isi mataupu lavelave, tulafono faufale fa'apitonu'u ma fa'afanoga e le'i fetaui lelei ma le fa'atulagaina tele o le fa'atinoina o fale fa'atosina, fa'afale.
O fa'amoemoega fa'amoemoe mo le gaosiga ma le fa'atuina o le tele o fale alumini ma u'amea mua'i fa'apipi'iina i le mae'a ai o le WW II USA e le'i fa'ataunu'uina lava.Nai lo le gaosiga o le faitau selau afe o fale i le tausaga, o le au gaosi oloa e lima a Amerika na gaosia se aofaiga e itiiti ifo i le 2,600 fale alumini fou ma uamea i le sefulu tausaga mulimuli ane WW II: Beech Aircraft, Lincoln Houses Corp., Consolidated-Vultee, Lustron Corp. . ma le Kamupani Alumini a Amerika (Alcoa).I le faʻatusatusaga, o fale gaosi oloa e ofoina atu le tele o fale masani na maua ai le aofaʻi o 37,200 iunite i le 1946 ma le 37,400 i le 1947. O le manaʻoga maketi sa i ai iina, ae le o fale alumini ma uamea.
US post-WW II fale alumini ma uamea
O nei kamupani gaosi oloa a Amerika e le'i faia se sao taua i le fesoasoani e foia le le lava o fale ina ua mavae le WW II.Ae ui i lea, o nei fale alumini ma uʻamea o loʻo tumau pea o ni faʻataʻitaʻiga taua o fale taugofie lea, i lalo o tulaga sili atu ona lelei, e mafai ona gaosia tele e oʻo lava i aso nei e fesoasoani e foia le le lava o fale taugofie i le tele o taulaga ma taulaga i le US.
O nisi o manaoga o le US i le maea ai o le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi na faamalieina i le taofiga o le avanoa, fale le tumau e toe faʻaaogaina, faʻasili uamea i le taimi o taua o Quonset hut, nofoaga faʻafitafita, faʻamalama faʻavaa fale le tumau o aiga, fale feaveaʻi, taavale toso, ma "fale e mafai ona faʻaumatia. ,” lea na mamanuina ina ia talepeina, siitia ma toe tuufaatasia i soo se mea e manaomia ai.E mafai ona e faitau atili e uiga i le post-WW II stop gap houses in the US in Hartley Howe's March 1946 article in Popular Science (silasila i le sootaga i lalo).
O le fale faufale na faʻateleina vave ina ua maeʻa le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi e fesoasoani e faʻafetaui le manaʻoga o fale i fale tumau fau masani, faʻatasi ai ma le tele o loʻo fausia i totonu o fale tetele i totonu o nofoaga faʻalautele vave.I le va o le 1945 ma le 1952, na lipotia ai e le Veterans Administration na ia lagolagoina le lata i le 24 miliona nonogatupe fale mo le WW II veterans.O nei tagata matutua na fesoasoani e faʻateleina le umiaina o fale a Amerika mai le 43.6% i le 1940 i le 62% i le 1960.
E lua fale alumini ma u'amea na toe fa'aleleia talu mai le WW II a Amerika ma o lo'o fa'aalia mo tagata lautele i fale mata'aga nei:
- Na'o le fale Dymaxion o totoe o lo'o fa'aalia i le Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation i Dearborn, Michigan.O lo'o iai se feso'ota'iga i lea fa'aaliga:https://www.thehenryford.org/visit/henry-ford-museum/exhibits/dymaxion-house/
- Lustron #549, o se Westchester Deluxe 02 faʻataʻitaʻiga, o loʻo faʻaalia i le Ohio History Center Museum i Columbus, Ohio.O le upega tafa'ilagi a le falemataaga o lo'o i ai iinei:https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/exhibits/ohio-history-center-exhibits
E le gata i lea, e mafai ona e asiasi i le tele o WW II Quonset hut i le Seabees Museum ma Memorial Park i North Kingstown, Rhode Island.E leai se mea e fa'aofuina pei o se fale mautotogi fa'ale-malo i le mae'a ai o le WW II.O le upega tafa'ilagi a le falemataaga o lo'o i ai iinei:https://www.seabeesmuseum.com
E te mauaina nisi faʻamatalaga i aʻu tala i luga ole US post-WW II fale alumini ma uʻamea faʻapipiʻi i soʻotaga nei:
- Taua sili uamea Quonset faleoo:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Quonset-huts-converted.pdf
- Beech Aircraft & R. Buckminster Fuller's alumini fale Dymaxion:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Beech-Aircraft-Buckminster-Fuller-Dymaxion-house-converted.pdf
- Lincoln Houses Corp's fale laupapa alumini:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Lincoln-Houses-Corp-aluminum-panel-house-converted.pdf
- Fa'atasia Vultee's aluminium panel fale:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Consolidated-Vultee-aluminum-panel-Fleet-House-converted.pdf
- Fale uamea a Lustron Corp:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Lustron-Corporation-steel-house-converted.pdf
- Alcoa's Care-Free fale alumini:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Alcoa-aluminum-Care-Free-Home-converted.pdf
3. Post-WW II fale alumini ma uamea i Peretania
E oo atu i le faaiuga o le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi i Europa (VE Day o le 8 Me 1945), na feagai le UK ma se faaletonu tele o fale a o toe foi atu a latou vaegaau i le atunuu na leiloa pe tusa ma le 450,000 fale i le faaleagaina o taua.
I le aso 26 o Mati 1944, na faia ai e Winston Churchill se tautalaga taua ma folafola atu o le a gaosia e Peretania le 500,000 fale ua uma ona fausia e foia ai le le lava o fale.Mulimuli ane i le tausaga, na pasia ai e le Palemene le Tulafono o Fale (Nofo Tumau), 1944, e molia ai le Matagaluega o le Toe Fausiaina i le atinaʻeina o fofo mo le le lava o fale ma tuʻuina atu le 300,000 iunite i totonu o le 10 tausaga, ma se paketi o le £ 150 miliona.
O lo'o tu'uina mai e le Tulafono le tele o ta'iala, e aofia ai le fausiaina o fale le tumau, fa'ato'a uma ona fa'atulaga e o'o atu i le 10 tausaga.O le Polokalame Fale Tumau (THP) sa lauiloa aloaia o le Emergency Factory Made (EFM) fale polokalame.O tulaga masani na atia'e e le Matagaluega o Galuega (MoW) e mana'omia ai vaega uma o le EFM ua uma ona faia e iai ni uiga patino, e aofia ai:
- Ole avanoa ole fogafale la'ititi ole 635 futu faatafafa (59 m2)
- Ole lautele ole lautele ole masini ua uma ona fai ole 7.5 futu (2.3m) e mafai ai ona felauaiga ile auala ile atunuu atoa.
- Fa'atino le manatu a le MoW o se “iunite tautua,” lea e tu'u ai le umukuka ma le faleta'ele i tua i tua e fa'afaigofie ai le fa'aogaina o paipa ma laina eletise ma fa'afaigofie le gaosiga o fale gaosimea.
- Ua vali falegaosimea, ma le "magnolia" (samasama-pa'epa'e) o le lanu muamua ma le lanu meamata iila e pei o le lanu tipi.
I le 1944, na faia ai e le Matagaluega o Galuega a Peretania se faaaliga faalauaitele i le Tate Gallery i Lonetona o ituaiga e lima o fale le tumau.
- Le uluai Portal fale fa'ata'ita'iga uamea uma
- O le AIROH (Aircraft Industries Research Organization on Housing) fale alumini, faia mai mea fa'asili vaalele.
- O le fale uamea fa'apipi'i o Arcon ma fa'amau sima asbestos.O lenei fa'ailoga na fa'atusaina mai le fa'ata'ita'iga o le Portal uamea uma.
- E lua mamanu fa'apipi'i laupapa, o le Tarran ma le Uni-Seco
O lenei faaaliga lauiloa na toe faia i le 1945 i Lonetona.
O fa'afitauli tau sapalai na fa'agesegese le amataga o le polokalame EFM.O le Portal uamea uma na lafoai ia Aokuso 1945 ona o le le lava o le sila.I le ogatotonu o le 1946, o le le lava o fafie na aʻafia ai isi fale gaosi oloa.O fale uma o le AIROH ma le Arcon na feagai ma le faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi o le gaosiga ma le tau faufale, ma sili atu le taugata o nei fale le tumau e fau nai lo fale fau laupapa ma piliki.
I lalo o se Polokalama Lend-Lease na faalauiloaina ia Fepuari 1945, na malilie ai le US e tuʻuina atu i Peretania ni fale faʻapipiʻi faʻapipiʻi laupapa e taʻua o le UK 100. O le uluai ofo e mo le 30,000 iunite, lea na faʻaititia mulimuli ane i le 8,000.O lenei maliliega Lend-Lease na muta ia Aukuso 1945 ina ua amata ona faʻateleina e Peretania lana lava gaosiga o fale faʻapipiʻi.O le muamua US-fausia UK 100 prefabs na taunuu i le faaiuga o Me / amataga Iuni 1945.
O le polokalame toe faʻaleleia o fale a Peretania i tua atu o le taua na fai si manuia, na tuʻuina atu e tusa ma le 1.2 miliona fale fou i le va o le 1945 ma le 1951. I lenei vaitaimi toe faʻaleleia, 156,623 fale le tumau o ituaiga uma na tuʻuina atu i lalo o le polokalame EFM, lea na faʻaiʻu i le 1949, saunia fale mo e tusa ma le afa miliona tagata.E sili atu i le 92,800 o nei fale alumini ma uamea le tumau.O le fale alumini AIROH o le faʻataʻitaʻiga sili ona lauiloa a le EFM, sosoo ai ma le fale faʻapipiʻi uʻamea Arcon ona sosoo ai lea ma le faʻavaa laupapa Uni-Seco.E le gata i lea, e silia ma le 48,000 fale alumini tumau ma uamea na fausia e AW Hawksley ma BISF i lena vaitaimi.
Pe a faʻatusatusa i le laʻititi laʻititi o fale alumini ma uamea na fausia i totonu o le US, o le gaosiga o le alumini ma le uamea i Peretania na matua manuia lava.
I le 25 Iuni 2018 tusiga i le Manchester Evening News, na lipotia mai e le tusitala o Chris Osuh, "E manatu o le va o le 6 poʻo le 7,000 o le faʻasologa o le taua o loʻo tumau pea i Peretania ... . post-WW II nofoaga fale muamua i Peretania i le sootaga lea:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/map
Ata o le fa'afanua feso'ota'i a le Fale Mata'aga Prefab (e le'o aofia ai mea fa'apipi'i i Shetlands, o lo'o i le pito i luga o lenei fa'amalama).
I Peretania, Vasega II tulaga o lona uiga o se fausaga e taua i le atunuu ma e fiafia faapitoa.E na'o ni nai mea tuai le tumau i le mae'a ai o le taua ua fa'atagaina le tulaga o le Vasega II lisi lisi:
- I se esetete o fale u'amea Phoenix na fausia i le 1945 i luga o le Wake Green Road, Moseley, Birmingham, 16 o fale e 17 na tu'uina atu i le Vasega II i le 1998.
- E ono fale laupapa laupapa Uni-Seco na fausia i le 1945 - 46 i le Excalibur Estate, Lewisham, Lonetona na tuʻuina atu i le Vasega II tulaga i le 2009. I lena taimi, o Excalibur Estates sa i ai le numera tele o WW II prefabs i Peretania: 187 aofaʻi, o tele ituaiga.
O lo'o fa'asaoina i falemata'aga i Peretania ma e avanoa e asiasi i ai le tele o fa'ato'aga le tumau pe a mae'a le taua.
- St. Fagans National Museum of Historyi Cardiff, Uelese i Saute: O se AIROH B2 na fausia muamua i tafatafa o Cardiff i le 1947 na faʻateʻaina ma siitia atu i lona falemataaga o loʻo i ai nei i le 1998 ma tatalaina i tagata lautele i le 2001. E mafai ona e vaʻai i lenei AIROH B2 iinei:https://museum.wales/stfagans/buildings/prefab/
- Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildingsi Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire: E mafai ona e vaʻai i se 1946 Arcon Mk V iinei:https://avoncroft.org.uk/avoncrofts-work/historic-buildings/
- Rural Life Living Museumi Tilford, Farnham, Surrey: O a latou faʻaaliga e aofia ai le Arcon Mk V iinei:https://rural-life.org.uk/explore-discover/our-exhibits/
- Falemataaga Tatala a le Chiltern Open Air (COAM)i Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire: O la latou aoina e aofia ai se fa'avaa laupapa Universal House Mark 3 prefab na gaosia e Universal Housing Company a Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire.O lenei fale muamua na fausia i le 1947 i le Finch Lane Estate i Amersham.E mafai ona e vaʻai i le "Amersham Prefab" iinei:https://www.coam.org.uk/museum-buckinghamshire/historic-buildings/amersham-prefab/
- Falemataaga o Taua a le Imperiali Duxford, Cambridgeshire: O le aoina e aofia ai se fa'avaa laupapa Uni-Seco na toe sii mai Lonetona:https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30084361
Ou te manatu o le Falemata'aga Prefab o se puna sili lea mo fa'amatalaga i UK post-WW II prefabs.Ina ua faia ia Mati 2014 e Elisabeth Blanchet (tusitala o le tele o tusi ma tala i UK prefabs) ma Jane Hearn, o le Prefab Museum sa i ai lona fale i se fale gaosi avanoa i le Excalibur Estate i le itu i saute o Lonetona.Ina ua maeʻa le afi ia Oketopa 2014, na tapunia le falemataaga faaletino ae o loʻo faʻaauau lana misiona e aoina ma faʻamaumau manatuaga, ata ma manatuaga, lea e tuʻuina atu i luga o le initaneti e ala i le upega tafaʻilagi a le Prefab Museum i le soʻotaga lea:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk
O le ae mauaina nisi faʻamatalaga i aʻu tala i luga ole UK post-WW II fale alumini ma uʻamea faʻapipiʻi i soʻotaga nei:
- Portal steel prototype bungalows le tumau:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Portal-steel-bungalow-converted.pdf
- Fa'avaa uamea Arcon fale le tumau:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Arcon-steel-frame-bungalow-converted.pdf
- AIROH alumini fale le tumau:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/AIROH-aluminum-bungalow-converted.pdf
- Phoenix uamea fa'avaa fale le tumau:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Phoenix-steel-frame-bungalow-converted.pdf
- BISF fa'avaa u'amea fale taitoalua tumau:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/British-Iron-Steel-Federation-BISF-house-converted.pdf
- AW Hawksley fale alumini tumau:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/AW-Hawksley-aluminum-bungalow-converted.pdf
4. Fale alumini ma u'amea i Falani ua mae'a le WW II
I le faaiuga o le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi, Farani, e pei o Peretania, sa matua le lava fale ona o le tele o fale ma fale mautotogi na faaleagaina pe faaleagaina i tausaga o taua, le leai o se fausiaina fou i lena vaitaimi, ma le le lava o meafaitino e lagolago ai mea fou. fausiaina ina ua uma le taua.
Ina ia fesoasoani e faʻamalieina nisi o le le lava o fale i le 1945, na faʻatau ai e le Falani Faʻafouina ma le Urbanism Minister, Jean Monnet, le 8,000 UK 100 fale faʻapipiʻi na maua e Peretania mai le US i lalo o se maliega Lend-Lease.O nei mea na fausia i Hauts de France (latalata i Peleseuma), Normandy ma Brittany, lea o loʻo faʻaaogaina pea le tele i aso nei.
O le Matagaluega o le Toe Fausiaina ma Fuafuaga o Taulaga na faʻatuina manaʻoga mo fale le tumau mo tagata na faʻaumatia i le taua.O nisi o vaifofo muamua na sailia o fale ua uma ona fai e 6 x 6 mita (19.6 x 19.6 futu);mulimuli ane fa'ateleina i le 6 × 9 mita (19.6 x 29.5 futu).
E tusa ma le 154,000 fale le tumau (o le Falani e taʻua i lena taimi o "baraques"), i le tele o mamanu eseese, na fausia i Farani i tausaga mulimuli ane o taua, aemaise lava i le itu i matu-sisifo o Farani mai Dunkirk i Saint-Nazaire.E tele na aumai mai Suetena, Finelani, Suitiselani, Austria ma Kanata.
O le tagata muamua na lagolagoina le fausiaina o le alumini ma le fale uʻamea a Farani o Jean Prouvé, o le na ofoina atu se fofo fou mo se "fale faʻaumatia," lea e mafai ona faigofie ona faʻatutu ma mulimuli ane "faʻaumatia" ma siitia i se isi mea pe a manaʻomia.O se u'amea pei o le "portal frame" o le fausaga o le fale e ave ai uta, ma le taualuga e masani ona faia i le alumini, ma le pito i fafo e faia i laupapa, alumini poʻo mea faʻapipiʻi.O le tele o nei mea na gaosia i le tele o laina na talosagaina e le Matagaluega o le Toe Fausiaina.I le taimi o se asiasiga i le aʻoga a Maxéville a Prouvé i le 1949, na faaalia ai e Eugène Claudius-Petit, o le Minisita o le Toe Fausiaina ma le Urbanism, lona naunautaiga e faʻamalosia le gaosiga faʻapisinisi o "fale fou fou (faʻataʻitaʻia) faʻatau."
I aso nei, o le tele o fale alumini ma u'amea e mafai ona fa'aumatia a Prouvé o lo'o fa'asaoina e le au tusiata ma le au fa'aputu ata o Patrick Seguin (Galerie Patrick Seguin) ma Éric Touchaleaume (Galerie 54 ma la Friche l'Escalette).Sefulu o Prouvé's Standard Houses ma le fa o ona fale Maison coques-style na fausia i le va o le 1949 - 1952 o fale i totonu o le atinaʻe laʻititi e taʻua oCité“Sans souci,” i le pitonuu o Pale o Muedon.
O le fale o Prouvé i le 1954 ma lona toe siitia i le 1946 a'oa'oga e tatala i tagata asiasi mai le faaiuga o le vaiaso muamua ia Iuni seia oo i le faaiuga o le vaiaso ia Setema i Nancy, Farani.O le Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy o lo'o iai se tasi o fa'aputuga lautele o meafaitino na faia e Prouvé.
Ua lipotia mai e le tusitala o Elisabeth Blanchet e faapea o le falemataaga “Mémoire de Soye ua mafai ona toe fausia ni 'baraques' eseese se tolu: o le UK 100, o le Farani ma le Kanata.Ua toe fa'afouina i meaafale mai le taua ma le taimi lata mai o le taua.O le Mémoire de Soye e na o le pau lea o le falemataaga i Farani e mafai ona e asiasi ai i fale gaosi oloa pe a uma le taua.O le falemataaga o loʻo i Lorient, Brittany.O la latou upega tafaʻilagi (i Farani) o iinei:http://www.soye.org
O le ae mauaina nisi faʻamatalaga e uiga i Farani post-WW II fale alumini ma uʻamea muamua i laʻu tusiga i luga o fale faʻaleagaina o Jean Prouvé i le sootaga lea:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Jean-Prouvé-demountable-houses-converted.pdf
5. I le faaiuga
I totonu o le US, o le gaosiga tele o fale alumini ma fale uʻamea pe a uma le taua e leʻi faʻataunuʻuina.O Lustron o le kamupani sili ona tele ma 2,498 fale.I Peretania, e sili atu i le 92,800 fale le tumau alumini ma uamea na fausia e avea o se vaega o le fausiaina o fale i le maeʻa ai o le taua lea na maua ai le aofaʻi o 156,623 fale le tumau o ituaiga uma i le va o le 1945 ma le 1949, ina ua maeʻa le polokalame.I Falani, e faitau selau fale alumini ma uamea na fausia ina ua maeʻa le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi, ma le tele na faʻaaogaina muamua e avea ma fale le tumau mo tagata na faʻaumatia e le taua.O avanoa mo le tele o gaosiga o ia fale e leʻi atiaʻe i Farani.
O le leai o se manuia i le US na afua mai i le tele o mea, e aofia ai:
- Tau maualuga i luma e faʻatuina ai se laina tele-gaosiga mo fale faʻapipiʻi, e oʻo lava i totonu o se falegaosimea tele, faʻasili i taimi o taua na avanoa mo le fale gaosi fale i tulaga tau tupe lelei.
- Fa'atosina sapalai laina e lagolago ai se fale gaosi fale (fa'atusa, e mana'omia ni fa'atau oloa nai lo le fale gaosi va'alele muamua).
- Le le lelei o fa'atauga, tufatufaina ma tu'uina atu mea tetele mo fale gaosi.
- O tulafono faufale fa'apitonu'u eseese ma le le'i saunia na fa'alavelaveina le fa'atūina ma le fa'atūina o fa'ata'ita'iga masani, fale e le'o fa'aleaganu'u.
- Tete'e mai iuni faufale ma tagata faigaluega e le'i manana'o e leiloa galuega i fale gaosi oloa.
- E na'o le tasi le fale gaosi oloa, Lustron, na gaosia fale fa'atosina i se numera tele ma e ono fa'amanuiaina mai le tamaoaiga o le gaosiga tele.O isi tagata gaosi oloa na gaosia i ni vaega laiti e le mafai ona latou faia le suiga mai le gaosiga tufuga i le gaosiga tele.
- O le fa'atupuina o tau o le gaosiga ua fa'aitiitia pe fa'aitiitia ai le tau muamua na valoia mo fale alumini ma uamea, e o'o lava i Lustron.E le mafai ona latou tauva i tau ma fale fau fau masani.
- I le mataupu a Lustron, o moliaga o faiga pi’opi’o a kamupani na ta’ita’ia ai e le Reconstruction Finance Corporation le fa’amuta o nonogatupe a Lustron, ma fa’amalosia ai le kamupani i se vave gaumativa.
Mai nei lesona na aʻoaʻoina ina ua maeʻa le WW II, faʻatasi ai ma le toe faʻafouina o le fiafia i "fale laiti", e foliga mai e tatau ona i ai se pisinisi faʻapisinisi mo se fale faʻaonaponei, faʻaleleia, atamai mo le tau maualalo o fale gaosi oloa umi. mai alumini, uamea, ma/poʻo isi mea.O fale ua uma ona fai e mafai ona lapopoa, faʻaonaponei, matagofie, malosi (LEED-faʻamaonia), ma faʻapitoa i se tikeri aʻo faʻaaloalo i se mamanu masani.O nei fale e tatau ona mamanuina mo le tele o gaosiga ma faʻapipiʻi i luga o tamaʻi fanua i taulaga ma taulaga.Ou te talitonu o loʻo i ai se maketi tele i totonu o le US mo lenei ituaiga fale taugofie, aemaise lava o se auala e foia ai le le lava o fale taugofie i le tele o taulaga ma taulaga.Ae ui i lea, o loʻo i ai pea faʻalavelave tetele e tatau ona foia, aemaise lava i le mea e ono tulaʻi mai ai iuni a tagata faigaluega faufale ma, i Kalefonia, e leai se tasi e manaʻo i se fale faʻataugofie e tu i tafatafa o le latou McMansion.
E mafai ona e siiina se kopi pdf o lenei pou, e le aofia ai tala taʻitasi, iinei:
https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Post-WW-II-aluminum-steel-prefab-houses-converted.pdf
6. Mo faamatalaga faaopoopo
US ina ua mae'a le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi II fa'alavelave fale ma fale fa'auma:
- Fausiaina i Tausaga o Taua – 1942 – 45, US Department of Leipa, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin Nu. 915:https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_0915_1948.pdf
- Hartley Howe, “Stopgap Housing,” Popular Science, itulau 66-71, Mati 1946:https://books.google.com/books?id=PSEDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
- William Remington, “The Veterans Emergency Housing Program,” Law and Contemporary Problems, Tesema 1946:https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2295&context=lcp
- "Veterans Emergency Housing Report," National Housing Agency, Office of the Housing Expediter, Vol.1, Nu. 2 i le 8, Iulai 1946 ia Ianuari 1947, avanoa e faitau i luga o le initaneti e ala i Google Books:https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Q_jjCy0570QC&hl=en&pg=GBS.RA1-PA1
- Blaine Stubblefield, "O Alamanuia Vaalele o le a Faia Fale Aluminium mo Veterans," Aviation News, Vol.6, Nu. 10, 2 Setema 1946 (maua i le Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine online archive)
- "Taua mo Alumini Faʻaititia e le NHA," Aviation News magazine, i.22, 14 Oketopa 1946 (maua i le Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine online archive)
- Ante Lee (AL) Carr, "A Practical Guide to Prefabricated Houses", Harper & Brothers, 1947, maua i luga o le initaneti i tusitusiga e ala i le Initaneti Archive i le sootaga lea:https://archive.org/stream/ALCarrApracticalguidetoprefabricatedhouses0001/ALCarrApracticalguidetoprefabricatedhouses0001_djvu.txt
- Burnham Kelly, "Le Fausiaina o Fale - O se suʻesuʻega a le Albert Farwell Bemis Foundation o le Alamanuia Faʻataʻitaʻi i le Iunaite Setete," Tekinolosi Press a le MIT ma John Wiley & Sons, 1951:http://www.survivorlibrary.com/library/the_prefabrication_of_houses_1951.pdf
- “Catalogue of House Building Construction Systems,” Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, Kanata,1960:https://dahp.wa.gov/sites/default/files/Catalogue_of_House_Building_Construction_Systems_1960_0.pdf
- Keller Easterling ma Richard Prelinger, "Vaʻau i le Fale: Le Fale na Fausia e Atinaʻe Tumaoti," Le Voyager Company 1992:http://www.columbia.edu/cu/gsapp/projs/call-it-home/html/
Fa'alavelave fa'aletonu o fale ma fale ua uma ona fai a Peretania:
- Elisabeth Blanchet, “Prefab Homes,” Shire Library (Tusi 788), 21 Oketopa 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0747813576
- Elisabeth Blanchet, "O se Faamavaega Faʻafeiloaʻi i Faleoloa Muamua o le Taua Lona Lua a Peretania," Atlas Obscure, 26 Aperila 2017:https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/excalibur-estate-prefab-homes
- Elisabeth Blanchet, Sonia Zhuravlyova, "Prefabs - O se tala faʻaagafesootai ma tusiata fale, " Talafaasolopito Egelani, 15 Setema 2018, ISBN-13: 978-1848023512
- Jane Hearn, "O le Falemata'aga Fale Mata'aga A'oa'oga Pack - Fa'ai'u Taua Prefabs," Le Falemata'aga Prefab, 2018:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/education-pack-2
- Chris Osuh, "Toe foʻi i le fale muamua: E mafai e 'faʻatoʻaga faʻapipiʻi' fale ona foia le faʻafitauli o fale o Manaseta?," Manchester Evening News, 25 Iuni 2018:https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/return-prefab-could-flat-pack-14818763
- “Prefabs in the United Kingdom,” 12 Aperila 2018:https://wikiaboutdoll.blogspot.com/2018/04/prefabs-in-united-kingdom.html
- “Prefabulous,” Historic England ma Google Arts & Culture,https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/1QLyNUcHxjFSIA
- "O le Talafaasolopito o Fale Fono," Vaega 3, "Faʻafeiloaʻi i le Faʻalavelave Fale i le maea ai o le taua," Iunivesite o Sisifo o Egelani, Bristol, UK:http://fet.uwe.ac.uk/conweb/house_ages/council_housing/print.htm
Faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi o fale Farani ma fale faʻapipiʻi muamua:
- Elisabeth Blanchet, “Prepabs in France,” Prefab Museum (UK), 2016:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/history/prefabs-in-france
- Nicole C. Rudolph, "I le Fale i le Postwar Farani - Fale Mass Faʻaonaponei ma le Aia Tatau i Faʻamafanafanaga," Berghahn Monographs in French Studies (Book 14), Berghahn Books, Mati 2015, ISBN-13: 978-1782385875.O le folasaga o lenei tusi e maua i luga ole laiga ile sootaga lea:https://berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/RudolphAt_intro.pdf
- Kenny Cupers, "The Social Project: Housing Postwar France," Iunivesite o Minnesota Press, Me 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0816689651
Taimi meli: Tes-12-2022